To search for the population of Brazil, what is the correct VLOOKUP syntax?

Correct
To search for the population of Brazil, the syntax is =VLOOKUP("Brazil", A2:B10, 2, false). “Brazil” is the reference. A2:B10 is the table array. The 2 indicates the number of the column from which the value should be returned. And the word false instructs the function to return an exact match.